Canadians reported $313 million in losses to investment fraud in 2024 alone, the highest dollar loss of any fraud category tracked by the Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre, and the real number is likely far higher still, since the CAFC estimates 90 to 95 per cent of fraud goes unreported. The scams have evolved far beyond Nigerian prince emails: today’s fraudsters use professional-looking websites, fake social media influencers, fake celebrity endorsements and long online relationships to build trust before asking for money. A quick first check is aretheyregistered.ca, which shows whether an advisor or firm is registered with Canadian securities regulators.
This page covers the common investment scams aimed at Canadians, the red flags, how to check that an advisor and an investment are registered, and what to do if you have been defrauded. It is part of our investing basics guides; crypto-specific checks before buying are in how to buy Bitcoin in Canada.
Common Investment Scams in Canada
Ponzi/Pyramid Schemes
Feature
Details
How it works
Early investors paid with money from new investors
Promise
Guaranteed 10-20%+ annual returns with “no risk”
Red flags
Consistent returns regardless of market, hard to withdraw
Example
Promise of 15% guaranteed returns from “real estate syndication”
Result
Collapses when new money stops flowing
Cryptocurrency Fraud
Type
How It Works
Fake exchanges
Set up convincing trading platforms that steal deposits
Pump and dump
Promote obscure coin, sell when price rises
Romance + crypto
Build online relationship, convince victim to “invest” in crypto
Recovery scams
After crypto loss, scammer offers to “recover” funds for a fee
Fake ICOs
Promote non-existent cryptocurrency projects
Forex/Binary Options
Feature
Details
How it works
Unregulated platforms offering currency or binary options trading
Promise
Quick profits, “proven trading systems”
Red flags
Offshore platforms, pressure to deposit more, unable to withdraw
Reality
An unregistered platform may not place real trades at all; the balance and profits shown on screen can be fictitious
Advance Fee Fraud
Feature
Details
How it works
Pay a fee upfront to access a “guaranteed” investment or prize
Promise
Large payout after small “processing fee,” “tax payment,” or “insurance”
Red flags
Must pay to receive money, escalating fees
Reality
There is no investment or prize; fees go to the scammer
Affinity Fraud
Feature
Details
How it works
Scammer targets members of a specific community (religious, ethnic, professional)
Promise
Trusted community member vouches for the investment
Red flags
Uses trust and social pressure; discourages independent research
Reality
Exploits community bonds; victims hesitant to report
Red Flags: How to Spot a Scam
Red Flag
What It Means
Guaranteed high returns
No legitimate investment guarantees returns
“Risk-free”
All investments carry risk
Pressure to act NOW
Creates urgency to prevent due diligence
Unsolicited contact
Cold calls, DMs, or emails about “opportunities”
Unregistered advisor
Check aretheyregistered.ca
Complex/vague strategy
Can’t clearly explain how money is invested
Difficulty withdrawing
A common sign the platform is a scam and the money may already be gone
“Exclusive” opportunity
Creates fear of missing out
Offshore based
Harder to regulate and recover funds
Paid with crypto only
Hard to trace and recover
Consistent returns
Markets fluctuate: consistent returns are a red flag
Celebrity endorsement
Fake endorsements are common in scam ads
Social media ads
Facebook/Instagram ads for trading/crypto are often scams
How to Verify an Investment
Before putting any money into an investment or giving it to an advisor, do three things: check registration at aretheyregistered.ca, search for the company on SEDAR+ for filed prospectuses, and Google the company name plus “scam.” Legitimate investments are available through registered brokerages like Wealthsimple, Questrade and the major banks, with clear fee disclosure and risk warnings. If someone contacts you unsolicited about an investment opportunity, especially through social media or a dating app, the safest response is no response.
Step 1: Check Advisor Registration
Resource
Website
What It Checks
CSA Registration Search
aretheyregistered.ca
Advisor and firm registration
CIRO (formerly IIROC)
ciro.ca
Investment dealer members
CSA Disciplined List
securities-administrators.ca
Previously sanctioned individuals
OBSI
obsi.ca
Banking/investment complaints
Step 2: Verify the Investment
Check
How
Is the security registered?
Check SEDAR+ for prospectus filings
Is the fund legitimate?
Verify fund facts on provider’s official website
Is the platform real?
Check CSA investor alerts for warnings
Google the company + “scam”
See if others have reported issues
Check the Better Business Bureau
bbb.org for business complaints
Step 3: Ask These Questions
Question
Legitimate Answer
Scam Answer
Are you registered?
Yes, here’s my registration number
Evasive, or “We don’t need to be”
What are the risks?
Detailed risk disclosure
“There are no risks”
How do I withdraw?
Clear redemption process
Vague, or “You can’t for X months”
What are the fees?
Transparent fee schedule
Hidden or unclear
Can I see audited statements?
Yes, here they are
“We’ll send them later”
Who is the custodian?
Named third-party custodian
Scammer holds your money directly
Scam Statistics in Canada
Metric
Amount
Reported investment fraud losses (2024)
$313 million
Share of all reported fraud losses
49%
Share of fraud never reported (CAFC estimate)
90% to 95%
Highest dollar loss by category
Investment fraud
Payment method with the most money lost
Cryptocurrency (average $23,815 per transaction in investment, job and romance scams)
Who loses the most
Victims aged 60 and over: 40.3% of all reported losses and 36% of investment-scam losses
Average loss per investment-fraud victim
$78,309
Source: Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre, 2024 Annual Statistical Report.
Who Is Most Targeted
Group
Why
Common Scam
Seniors (60+)
Larger savings, trust
Ponzi schemes, advisor fraud
Adults under 50
More likely to be victimized overall, according to the CAFC
Crypto, forex, “guru” schemes
Newcomers to Canada
Unfamiliar with Canadian regulations
Advance fee, fake investments
Community groups
Trust within the group
Affinity fraud
Recent retirees
Lump-sum pension payouts
Too-good-to-be-true returns
What to Do If You’ve Been Scammed
Immediate Steps
Step
Action
Contact
1
Stop sending money immediately
-
2
Contact your bank
Your bank’s fraud department
3
Report to Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre
1-888-495-8501 or antifraudcentre.ca
4
Report to provincial securities regulator
CSA website
5
File a police report
Local police
6
Report to CIRO (if advisor involved)
ciro.ca
7
Document everything
Save all emails, messages, transactions
What NOT to Do
Don’t
Why
Pay “recovery fees”
Recovery scams target previous victims
Trust anyone who contacts you about recovering funds
Likely a scammer
Delete emails/messages
You need evidence
Stay silent
Report helps protect others
Blame yourself
Scammers are sophisticated criminals
Recovery Options
Option
Details
Bank reversal
Contact the bank as soon as possible; the sooner it knows, the better the chance of stopping a payment
Credit card chargeback
Card issuers set their own dispute deadlines, so call yours right away
Wire transfer recall
Banks can attempt a recall once the money has left, with no guarantee it succeeds
Crypto recovery
Blockchain transactions can’t be reversed
Civil lawsuit
Costly, and may recover nothing if the scammer has no reachable assets
Securities commission action
A report to the regulator can lead to enforcement action against the people involved
How to Protect Yourself
Rule
Details
Always verify registration
aretheyregistered.ca before investing
Never respond to unsolicited offers
Delete cold calls, DMs, emails
Never invest based on urgency
“Act now” = walk away
Diversify
Don’t put all money in one investment
Understand what you invest in
If you can’t explain it, don’t invest
Use established institutions
Major banks, registered dealers
Be skeptical of guaranteed returns
No investment is guaranteed
Protect your personal info
Never share SIN, passwords, or banking info
Talk to someone you trust
Discuss with advisor, family, or friend before investing
If it sounds too good to be true
It is
The Bottom Line
If it promises guaranteed returns, requires upfront fees, creates pressure to act immediately, or comes from an unregistered advisor, it’s almost certainly a scam. Verify registration at aretheyregistered.ca, stick to established brokerages, and never send money based on an unsolicited message. If you’ve been scammed, report it to the police and the Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre, and contact your bank right away for the best chance of recovering funds.
Depends on the stock and bond mix, less the management fee
Market risk
Wealthsimple, Questrade, etc.
Planning assumptions are from FP Canada and the Institute of Financial Planning’s 2026 Projection Assumption Guidelines. A legitimate investment that promises much more than these, with no risk, fits the pattern of the scams above.
All legitimate investments are available through registered institutions with clear fee disclosure and risk warnings.